Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland ist geboren in Clamecy als Sohn eines Notars und erhalt eine gutburgerliche Erziehung und Ausbildung. Nach einem Studium an der Pariser Ecole Normale Superieure, der franzosischen Eliteschule fur die Lehramtsfacher an Gymnasien, geht er 1892/93 als Stipendiat in Rom, um an seiner these (Doktorarbeit) uber Les Origines du theatre lyrique moderne zu arbeiten. Nach deren erfolgreicher "Verteidigung" (soutenance) ist Rolland 1895–1912 Professor fur Musik- und Kunstgeschichte an der ENS und der Sorbonne.
Von seinem sehr umfangreichen Schaffen (zahlreiche Theaterstucke, Biografien, Essais und schlie?lich Romane) kennt man heute vor allem den 10-bandigen "roman fleuve" Jean-Christophe (1904-12). Titelheld ist der junge deutsche Komponist Johann-Christoph Krafft, der jedoch seine entscheidenden Bildungserlebnisse in Frankreich hat und somit quasi die ihm angeborene "deutsche Energie" mit "franzosischen Geist" verbindet und veredelt.

Der Jean-Christophe war ein gro?er Erfolg. Er brachte seinem Autor 1915 den Nobelpreis und wurde nach 1918 auch von den gar nicht so wenigen frankophilen Deutschen geschatzt, die das Gerede von der deutsch-franzosischen Erbfeindschaft satt hatten und auf Verstandigung setzten. Wahrend des 1. Weltkriegs ging Rolland in die neutrale Schweiz und versuchte von dort aus, uber den Fronten stehend, als pazifistischer Intellektueller sowohl nach Frankreich hineinzuwirken (wo man ihm dies ubelnahm) als auch nach Deutschland (wo man ihn naturgema? kaum horte).

In den zwanziger Jahren und vor allem in den stark politisierten Drei?igern sympathisierte er mit dem 1920 gegrundeten Parti communiste francais und war so einer der nicht wenigen antifaschistischen und prokommunistischen Intellektuellen, die der PCF als "compagnons de route" sehr schatzte – als Mitglieder allerdings gern entbehrte, weil sie der jeweiligen Parteifuhrung meist zu kritisch und nicht diszipliniert genug waren.

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The Blue Hall had only been used for the Banquet once before, in 1950, when the Nobel Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary with approximately 32 pre-1950 Laureates participating. experience coupled with a knowledge of international relations have been valuable assets for those holding this position. The main task of the Nobel Foundation is to safeguard the financial base of the Nobel Prizes and of the work connected to the selection of the Nobel Laureates. 1901 in promoting science and international understanding." On November 10, 1985, the Inamori Foundation in Kyoto awarded its first Kyoto Prize of JPY 45 million to the Nobel Foundation "with the aim of promoting science, technology and the arts in the spirit of the Nobel Prize." executors to invest his remaining realizable estate, which would constitute the capital of what eventually became the Nobel Foundation, in "safe securities." In the original by-laws of the Board, approved by the King in Council on February 15, 1901, the expression "safe securities" was interpreted in the spirit Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish Government. off in Sweden and in Norway, except for a ceremony in 1917 at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in the presence of King Haakon to announce that the International Red Cross had been awarded the Peace Prize. in an amphitheatrical grouping. An effort was made by various means to highlight the simplicity of the room and to emphasize the academic nature of the festivities. would appoint the others. The Board would choose an Executive Director from among its own members. An alternate (deputy) to the Chairman would be appointed by the King in Council (effective in 1974, by the Government), and two deputies for the other members would be elected by the Trustees. The Nobel Peace Center is a center where you can experience and learn about the various Peace Prize Laureates and their activities as well as the remarkable history of Alfred Nobel. In addition, it will serve as voice and meeting place where exhibits, discussions and reflections related to war, peace and conflict resolution is in focus. There are always exceptions to the rules. In 1907, there were no festivities in Stockholm because the Royal Court was in mourning. King Oscar II had just died. The Laureates were awarded their prizes at a ceremony at the auditorium of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During 1914-1918 the Nobel Festivities were called Until 1968, in principle more than three persons could share a Nobel Prize, but this never occurred in practice. The previous wording of paragraph 4 was: "A prize may be equally divided between two works, each of which may be considered to merit a prize. If a work which is to be rewarded has been produced by two He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated extensive publicity but also led to doubts and questions. World War I broke out before any decision could be made. The proposal was "put on ice" and by the time the matter was revived after the war, Ivar Tengbom was in Stockholm, while in Norway the Norwegian Nobel Committee is in charge of the corresponding arrangements. On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania (now Oslo) respectively. of the Board by the King in Council with the Justice of the Supreme Court C. G. Hernmarck as Deputy. On October 3, 1900 the Board elected Assistant Circuit Judge Henrik Santesson as the first Executive Director of the Foundation. Effective on January 1, 1901 the Board assumed management of the Foundation's assets. experience coupled with a knowledge of international relations have been valuable assets for those holding this position. Only after several years of negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts, and after various obstacles had been circumvented or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in the will assume solid form with the establishment of the Nobel Foundation. On April 26, 1897, appointed by the King in Council, this practice started in 1960, when the prominent banker Gustaf S?derlund was elected to the Board. In most cases, the Executive Director has had a legal and administrative background. As the Foundation's investment policy became more active from the early 1950s onward, financial The will was now settled. The task of achieving unity among all the affected parties on how to put its provisions into practice remained. The final version of the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation contained clarifications of the wording of the will and a provision that prizes not considered possible Around the world, new international scientific and cultural prizes have been established, directly inspired by the Nobel Prize. For example, the Japan Prize and Kyoto Prize - both financially in a class with the Nobel Prize - were established in 1985 and their statutes directly refer to the Nobel Prizes as







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