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LA BIOGRAPHIE DE ROMAIN ROLLAND
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| Normalien, agrege d'histoire et docteur es Lettres, Romain Rolland enseigne a l'Ecole Normale et a la Sorbonne avant de se consacrer a l'ecriture. D'abord tourne vers le theatre, il a ecrit une dizaine de pieces a l'age de trente ans et devient celebre grace a 'Jean-Christophe' roman en dix volumes paru entre 1904 et 1912. Au debut de la Premiere Guerre mondiale, il gagne la Suisse. |
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| Il recoit le prix Nobel de
litterature en 1915 et part pour l'Inde dont la philosophie contraste avec
ce qu'il considere comme l'echec de la civilisation occidentale. Il est
aussi attire par la nouvelle Russie issue de la revolution et s'il en condamne,
au debut, les exces violents, il les considere inevitables et declare sa
sympathie pour le regime sovietique. De retour en Suisse, Romain Rolland
soutient, sans jamais y adherer, le parti communiste francais. On retrouve
cette evolution intellectuelle et ideologique dans 'L'ame enchantee.' Il
sera au debut des annees trente une figure de la lutte antifasciste et du
Front populaire. Fervent croyant, il meurt insatisfait et decu du catholicisme. 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Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose, as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted great attention and soon led to skepticism and criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his international spirit. fortunate enough to sell its entire holding in Bev?ringen before the real estate crash of the early 1990s. Then, in 1953, the Government approved a radical liberalization of the investment rules. The Foundation was granted a more extensive freedom to manage its capital independently, as well as the opportunity to invest in stocks and real estate. Freedom of investment, coupled with tax-exemption and the financial Otto Stern (1943) and Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) - and four Laureates in Physiology or Medicine - Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy (1943), and Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser (1944). Speeches by Sweden's Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and by Professor The Svedberg were broadcast on American radio the same day. The 1943 Laureate executors to invest his remaining realizable estate, which would constitute the capital of what eventually became the Nobel Foundation, in "safe securities." In the original by-laws of the Board, approved by the King in Council on February 15, 1901, the expression "safe securities" was interpreted in the spirit prize-awarding capacity. This change is necessary to avoid undermining the value of the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Foundation may also decide how much of its assets may be invested in shares. In the long term, this may mean that the Foundation can now have a higher percentage of its assets invested in shares, both these buildings for its events, the Nobel Foundation now only needed space for its administrative offices. On December 19, 1918, a building at Sturegatan 14 was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation finally left its cramped premises at Norrlandsgatan 6 in took over the management of the building and the functions of the Nobel Institute. In 1944-1945 the Nobel Foundation (Hammarskj?ld and Ekeberg) together with the members of the Nobel Committee in exile ensured that nominations were submitted for the 1945 Peace Prize. However, the restrictions on the Foundation's freedom of investments continued with minor changes until 1953, although the gold clause and resulting protection against declining value had disappeared as early as World War I. Because of two world wars and the depression of the early 1930s, the prizes shrank in space the Nobel Banquet was moved from the Golden Hall to the larger Blue Hall of the City Hall, which today accommodates some 1,300 guests. The Blue Hall had only been used for the Banquet once before, in 1950, when the Nobel Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary with approximately 32 pre-1950 Laureates participating. real terms from SEK 150,000 in 1901 (equivalent to 20 times the annual salary of a university professor) to a mere one third of this value. During its first year, Nobel Media worked on the TV rights of already well known Nobel programmes such as the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony and Banquet, Nobel Minds, documentaries and portraits of the Nobel Laureates. Adolf, he had presented the Prizes, but in the capacity of Crown Prince. The next change in the stage at the Concert Hall was in 1992. The stage design was now changed to resemble that of the first Prize Award Ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1926. As in 1926, the chairs on the stage were placed Ceremony again took place at the St. Erik International Fair and in 1991 at the Stockholm Globe Arena, now due to special commemorations of Nobel history that required large seating capacity. In 1975, it was the 75th anniversary of the Nobel Foundation that was being commemorated, while in 1991 the 90th On September 20, 2004, the Nobel Foundation decided to have a firmer grip on its media rights and established Nobel Media AB, a media company which will own, produce and develop new media rights connected with the Nobel Prize. In 1940, three members of the Storting's Nobel Committee were in exile due to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, which lasted until 1945. The remaining members and deputies kept the work of the Committee going. Because the Storting could not elect new Committee members, the Nobel Foundation asked existing members to continue in their posts. Also in 1972 the Foundation received a donation from the Italian marquis Luigi de Beaumont Bonelli, who bequeathed his two wine-growing estates outside Taranto, southern Italy, to the Nobel Foundation. The properties were worth SEK 4.5 million. Their sale made possible the establishment of an annual appointed by the King in Council, this practice started in 1960, when the prominent banker Gustaf S?derlund was elected to the Board. In most cases, the Executive Director has had a legal and administrative background. As the Foundation's investment policy became more active from the early 1950s onward, financial in Stockholm, while in Norway the Norwegian Nobel Committee is in charge of the corresponding arrangements. On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania (now Oslo) respectively. |
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