Mahatma Gandhi:
The Man Who Became One with the Universal Being
written by Romain Rolland
This book contains a frank and illuminating commentary on Gandhiji and his ideals by the eminent French philosopher, Romain Rolland. Romain Rolland, recipient of the 1915 Nobel Prize for Literature, was born into a middle-class family in Clamecy, France. His father was a lawyer. He was educated at the Ecole Normale Supe rieure and the Sorbonne. He later worked as a professor at the Ecole Normale in Paris and the Sorbonne.
As a great European and contemporary of the Mahatma, his views have a special value. The appraisal and assessment of Gandhiji's ideals of truth and no n-violence and of the strategy of passive resistance against the mighty British Empire is of particular interest as it comes from a brilliant mind of the materialist-oriented West. Long before the world bestowed renown on Gandhiji for his political sagacity, Romain Rolland probed and made known to humanity the spiritual greatness of the man. The two understood each other fully and the great scholar from the West found and drew inspiration from the well-springs of that highly cultivated and dedicated soul. While expressing his admiration for Gandhiji's ethical approach to religion and politics and his readiness to sacrifice everything for the sake of truth, Romain Rolland does not hesitate to quote literally from Tagore and Andrews, who criticised some of Gandhiji's political decisions. He also brings out how British policy forced Gandhiji to switch over from an attitude of loyal co-operation with Great Britain to that of non-violent non- co-operation. Readers will find the book a sustained interest throughout.
Romain Rolland published his first book, HISTOIRE DE L'OPERA EN EUROPE AVANT LULLY ET SCARLATTI, in 1895. He is most famous for his ten volume work, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE, which was published between 1904 and 1912. Rolland was born Jan. 29, 1866, into a middle-class family in Clamecy, France. At age 14, Rolland went to Paris to study and found a society in spiritual disarray. He was admitted to the Ecole Normale Superieure, lost his religious faith, discovered the writings of Benedict de Spinoza and Leo Tolstoy, and developed a passion for music. He studied history (1889) and received a doctorate in art (1895), after which he went on a two-year mission to Italy at the Ecole Francaise de Rome. Romain Rolland was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1915
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The same was true of the Foundation's capital. of the auditors. In 1955 the number of auditors was enlarged from five to six; the new auditor would be appointed by the Trustees and had to be an authorized public accountant. This was a very important change, in line with the Foundation's more active financial investment policy. attractive idea - and they limited their involvement to work as Trustees and auditors. In light of this, it is interesting to note that Henrik Santesson, the first Executive Director of the Foundation, also happened to be the legal counsel of the Storting in Sweden. But in 1986, paragraph 14 of the Statutes was During the 1980s, the Foundation experienced a change for the better. The stock market performed outstandingly and the Foundation's real estate also climbed in value. A sour note came in 1985, when Swedish real estate taxes rose sharply and profits consequently vanished. In 1987, the Board decided to transfer Adolf, he had presented the Prizes, but in the capacity of Crown Prince. The next change in the stage at the Concert Hall was in 1992. The stage design was now changed to resemble that of the first Prize Award Ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1926. As in 1926, the chairs on the stage were placed In 1940, three members of the Storting's Nobel Committee were in exile due to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, which lasted until 1945. The remaining members and deputies kept the work of the Committee going. Because the Storting could not elect new Committee members, the Nobel Foundation asked existing members to continue in their posts. Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish Government. Anders sterling. During 1940-1942 no Physics, Chemistry or Medicine Prizes were awarded, during 1940-1943 no Literature Prizes, and during 1939-1943 no Peace Prizes. special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by the Nobel Committee of the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize. To be held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, the event honors the year's Nobel Laureates, in the presence of the Laureates and their parties, Sweden's Royal Family and the Nobel Foundation's guests. The general public is also invited to attend. World-renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma, During the period 1939-1943, the Nobel Festivities were called off. In 1939 only the Laureate in Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanp?? from Finland, received his Prize in Stockholm at a small ceremony, with a subsequent dinner at the restaurant "Den Gyldene Freden" together with the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, On June 29, 1900, the Statutes of the newly created legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions were promulgated by the King in Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, 1926 and moved to Sturegatan 14, where the Foundation has been housed ever since. The main task of the Nobel Foundation is to safeguard the financial base of the Nobel Prizes and of the work connected to the selection of the Nobel Laureates. Anders sterling. During 1940-1942 no Physics, Chemistry or Medicine Prizes were awarded, during 1940-1943 no Literature Prizes, and during 1939-1943 no Peace Prizes. changed and the Board no longer had to consist of five Swedish citizens (the original Statutes had said Swedish men), but of six Swedish or Norwegian citizens. The Statutes were also changed in such a way that remuneration to the Board members and auditors of the Foundation, as well as the salary of the Executive the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved the will and soon afterwards elected members to the prize-awarding Norwegian Nobel Committee of the Storting. of the Board by the King in Council with the Justice of the Supreme Court C. G. Hernmarck as Deputy. On October 3, 1900 the Board elected Assistant Circuit Judge Henrik Santesson as the first Executive Director of the Foundation. Effective on January 1, 1901 the Board assumed management of the Foundation's assets. leaving each prize largely unchanged. The same was true of the Foundation's capital. could be used for the prize amounts. Capital gains from share management could not previously be used. According to the new rules, return that arises from the sale of Foundation assets may also be used for prize award events and overhead, to the extent that they are not needed to maintain a good long-term







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